![]() capillary and hydrodynamic adhesion, mechanical interlocking, and vdW forces) with situation-dependent relative importance. Among others, we address the following questions: Do capillary and hydrodynamic forces explain the strong friction of the toe pads directly, or indirectly by promoting dry attachment mechanisms? If friction primarily relies on van der Waals (vdW) forces instead, how much do these forces contribute to adhesion in the wet environment tree frogs live in and what role does the mucus play? We show that both pad morphology and measured attachment performance suggest the coaction of several attachment mechanisms (e.g. By revisiting reported data and observations, we discuss the involved mechanisms of attachment and propose new hypotheses for further research. ![]() ![]() ![]() Here, we present an overview of tree frog attachment, with focus on (i) the morphology and material of the toe pad (ii) the functional demands on the toe pad arising from ecology, lifestyle, and phylogenetics (iii) experimental data of attachment performance such as adhesion and friction forces and (iv) potential perspectives on future developments in the field. Tree frog attachment involves the secretion of mucus into the pad-substrate gap, requiring adaptations towards mucus drainage and pad lubrication. Tree frogs have the remarkable ability to attach to smooth, rough, dry, and wet surfaces using their versatile toe pads.
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